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March 7, 2025

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Penalty and penalties in accordance with the Securities Agreement Act, 1956

Penalties Under the Securities Contract Regulation Act, 1956

Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) is an important law as a wheel for security in India, which ensures the right practice, openness and investor protection. This reduces rules to maintain systematic trade for stock exchanges, brokers and market participants and prevent fraud activities. To comply, the law requires severe punishment for violations such as unauthorized trade, market manipulation, insider trading and lack of exchange rules. Based on the severity of the crime, the penalty is finally fined to prison. By implementing these measures, SCRA, 1956 strengthened market integrity and security measures in the economic ecosystem. Therefore, in this blog we will talk about punishment according to the law on regulation of securities.

Trinity of Powers

1. Even within the universe of its application powers, SEBI has the ability to trigger three distinct provisions of law.

2. Issuing directions and levying penalties under Sections 11(4) and 11B of the SEBI Act (Section 11 & Section 11B),

3. Adjudicatory influences under Sections 15A-15J of the SEBI Act (Section 15) and

4. Enquiry minutes in terms of the Section 12(3) of the SEBI Act (Section 12(3))

In addition to this, SEBI can initiate criminal records under Section 24 of the SEBI Act (Section 24). But, this provision is more often than not used as a base power – to punish instances of contravention where the action in terms of the quasi-judicial courses within the organization has not been satisfactory or fruitful.

SEBI also has powers in terms of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) to regulate the affairs of stock exchanges besides clearing corporations, i.e., market infrastructure intermediaries, and take necessary punitive and restorative action when so

required. The punitive provisions of the SCRA can also be brought to bear against intermediaries as well as sinful listed entities.

SEBI is also tasked with regulating the matter and transfer of securities by listed companies or intending-to-be-listed companies in terms of the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 24 of Companies Act), and routinely passes orders with esteem to governance, disclosure, and financial exclusive issues of such companies.

A step prior to initiating minutes under any of the provisions outlined above would be to do an inquiry or investigation (as the case may be) and follow that up with a search report. Based on this, the regulator forms an 'action matrix' endorsing the ideal course of action.

In certain cases, where SEBI is certain that urgent directions are required to be passed in the interest of the securities market, it may pass an ad-interim order in contradiction of the relevant persons and then next proceed to undertake a detailed investigation and thereafter pass the final order under Section 11B of the SEBI Act.

Powers to issue directions under Section 11B

Perhaps the most well-known section in the SEBI Act, this trains SEBI with a wide range of corrective, restorative, and equitable powers. These directions can range from mere warnings to suspension/cancellation of licenses of regulated UN armed forces, debarment of officers of intermediaries and listed companies, directing monetary compensations, restricting companies from raising wealth in the public markets, disgorging illegal gains made by violators, directing restitution to mistreated investors, etc.

It is also well-established that Section 11B empowers SEBI to pass directions on an ad interim ex parte basis, as well, when the facts demand. The exercise of these influences has been a subject matter of much debate recently, especially around the degree of egregiousness that would merit such exacting measures being taken by the supervisor without affording an opportunity of defense in the first instance.

Given that the powers under Section 11B (and the synchronized provisions of Sections 11, 11(1), and 11(4) are of wide amplitude and offer significant elbow room for the regulator to innovate more dynamic and fact-fitting medications, this has served as the ideal tool to test the remit of its jurisdiction. For instance, in a matter regarding cross-border issuance and transactions about securities, when SEBI had exercised its jurisdiction with deference to entities that were housed outside India, the Apex Court upheld the same to the extent the securities in the inquiry had an "impact on or nexus with India" – essentially put on the Effects Doctrine. Even earlier, prior to an amendment of Section 11B in 2014 (which expressly allowed it), SEBI had used this very facility to order disgorgements on several cases (and successfully in some).

On the other hand, while it is no longer res integra that the influences under Section 11B(1) cannot be used to punish criminals, the newer sub-section (2) empowers the regulator to also impose monetary drawbacks within this process.

Adjudication Proceedings under Sections 15A to 15J

Under Section 15, SEBI begins the official enforcement process by appointing an Adjudicating Officer (AO). The AO explores the facts and reports his/ her findings to the SEBI board. If the findings are adverse, a show cause poster is issued to the notice by the AO to explain why a monetary consequence should not be levied on such a person. Thereafter, the notice is given an opportunity to file written proposals and appear personally before the AO to explain their case before a concluding order is passed.

In the seminal case of SEBI v. Bhavesh Pabari, after a sequence of judicial pronouncements that offered diverse views on the subject, a full bench of the Hon'ble Supreme Court held that an AO has the right and discretion to determine the significance of a fine when any provisions specified in the SEBI Act or SCRA are not observed with.

The decision broadened the application of Section 15J of the SEBI Act and highlighted that the three reasons listed therein must only be regarded as explanatory and not exhaustive in nature, hence allowing the AO to assess the punishment after a consideration of all aggravating and mitigating factors. This decision has evolved noticeably over the years to now recognize the ability of AOs to not impose penalties at all, even in cases where non-compliance is acknowledged but is not significant enough to merit a penalty.

Depending on the nature of desecration (such as failure to furnish information, letdown to enter into agreements with clients, or failure to reparation investors' grievances) and/or the nature of the intermediary to whom show root notice is issued (such as mutual funds, investment advisers or stock-brokers), the quantum of disadvantage is provided in Sections 15A to 15J.

While the penalty usually varies from INR 1 lakh to INR 1 crore for such fractures, such as more serious fees such as internal trade and fraud trade, maximum fines can be imposed, which is the amount of INR 25 crore or three times more profit and higher.

Conclusion

Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) plays an important role in maintaining openness, justice and stability in India's security markets. By applying severe punishment for violations such as unauthorized trade, market manipulation and insider trading, ensuring legal compliance and investor protection. Sebi's regulator monitoring further strengthened the market discipline and stopped the activities of the scam.

Following the SCRA guidelines is important for brokers, stock exchanges, and investors in order to avoid legal consequences and maintain confidence in the economic system. Ultimately, the law improves the integrity of the securities markets in India, which promotes a safe and efficient trade environment for all stakeholders.

Suggested Read: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934

FAQs

1. What is the penalty for the Securities Contract Regulation Act 1956?

Any person who enters into any contract in the flouting of the provisions contained in section 15 or who fails to comply with the orders of the CG under section 21 or section 22 shall, on conviction, be indictable with a fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.

2. What is section 21 of the Securities Contracts Regulation Act 1956?

Conditions for listing. Where sanctuaries are listed on the application of any person in any recognized stock exchange, such person shall comply with the conditions of the listing agreement with that stock exchange.

3. What is Section 23a of the Securities Contract Regulation Act?

Any person who is mandatory under this Act or any rules made thereunder,— (a)to furnish any information, document, books, yields, or report to a recognized stock exchange fails to furnish the same within the time quantified therefor in the listing agreement or conditions or bye-laws of the recognized stock exchange.

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